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PLOS ONE:白蚁体内一种酶可将木材化为糖 |
添加时间:2011-08-11 16:57:13 浏览次数:1378
来源:科技日报
作者:常丽君
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白蚁能大量吞吃木头,给家具带来灾难性破坏,但美国普渡大学和佛罗里达大学的最新研究发现,它们的这种能力也可能为汽车带来清洁燃料。据美国物理学家组织网7月5日报道,研究人员在白蚁消化道发现了一种可把木头分解成糖的混合酶,有助于克服目前将木材转化为生物燃料过程中存在的障碍。
植物中的木质素是木材分解成糖的最大障碍,而糖是生产生物燃料的基本成分。木质素是构成植物细胞壁的最坚硬的部分,封锁了生物质中的糖。“我们发现白蚁肠消耗系统中有一种混合酶,能把木头分解成糖。”领导该研究的弗罗里达大学昆虫与线虫学系麦克•斯卡福说。
研究人员发现,不仅白蚁自身消化道能产生分解木材的酶,在白蚁肠道中还有一种微小的共生生物(一种原生动物),也能产生某种酶,协同帮助白蚁消化木材。他们分离出了白蚁的肠道,并把样本分成含有共生生物和不含共生生物的,分别放在锯末上,然后对二者的产糖量进行了检测。实验结果表明,有3种功能不同的酶,能分解不同生物质,其中两种能释放葡萄糖和戊糖,另一种能分解木质素。
斯卡福说:“长期以来,人们认为共生生物仅仅是帮助消化,其实共生的功能还有很多。我们的实验证明,宿主产生了某种酶,与共生生物产生的酶结合起来发挥了更大作用。宿主酶加共生生物酶的效果,就好比是1+1=4。”
来自白蚁和它们共生生物的酶能有效克服木质素转化成糖的障碍。将制造这些酶的基因插入病毒中喂给毛虫,就能产出大量的酶。实验显示,人工合成的宿主白蚁酶在分解木质释放糖分方面很有效。人们可以把宿主白蚁作为产出酶源的主要部分,用来生产生物燃料。
斯卡福表示,下一步他们将识别共生生物产生的酶,跟宿主白蚁酶结合,让木材能产出更多的糖以提高生物燃料的产量。他的研究小组计划与马里兰州的切萨皮克•皮尔蛋白产品公司合作,生产人工合成酶。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
PLOS ONE doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021709
Multiple Levels of Synergistic Collaboration in Termite Lignocellulose Digestion
Michael E. Scharf, Zachary J. Karl, Amit Sethi, Drion G. Boucias
In addition to evolving eusocial lifestyles, two equally fascinating aspects of termite biology are their mutualistic relationships with gut symbionts and their use of lignocellulose as a primary nutrition source. Termites are also considered excellent model systems for studying the production of bioethanol and renewable bioenergy from 2nd generation (non-food) feedstocks. While the idea that gut symbionts are the sole contributors to termite lignocellulose digestion has remained popular and compelling, in recent years host contributions to the digestion process have become increasingly apparent. However, the degree to which host and symbiont, and host enzymes, collaborate in lignocellulose digestion remain poorly understood. Also, how digestive enzymes specifically collaborate (i.e., in additive or synergistic ways) is largely unknown. In the present study we undertook translational-genomic studies to gain unprecedented insights into digestion by the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes and its symbiotic gut flora. We used a combination of native gut tissue preparations and recombinant enzymes derived from the host gut transcriptome to identify synergistic collaborations between host and symbiont, and also among enzymes produced exclusively by the host termite. Our findings provide important new evidence of synergistic collaboration among enzymes in the release of fermentable monosaccharides from wood lignocellulose. These monosaccharides (glucose and pentoses) are highly relevant to 2nd-generation bioethanol production. We also show that, although significant digestion capabilities occur in host termite tissues, catalytic tradeoffs exist that apparently favor mutualism with symbiotic lignocellulose-digesting microbes. These findings contribute important new insights towards the development of termite-derived biofuel processing biotechnologies and shed new light on selective forces that likely favored symbiosis and, subsequently, group living in primitive termites and their cockroach ancestors.
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